contentrise
ByteDance reaches the core
AS396986 (ByteDance) appears in 2019 at the periphery. By January 2023 it is in the max-core, as are Google and Meta, and it is still there in 2026.
Stories from the core
Networks that moved into or out of the Internet's core, read from the monthly k-core decomposition. Each story opens in the explorer, where you can change the networks, the period or the measure. See also how the core itself changed.
cdnfall
Limelight, Edgecast and Edgio
Both CDNs sit at or near the top of the core in every January snapshot from 2010 to 2025. Limelight agreed to buy Yahoo's Edgecast in 2022 and the combined company planned to rebrand as Edgio. In November 2024 a bankruptcy court approved Akamai's bid for some of Edgio's customer contracts and patent licenses (not its network), and Akamai said Edgio would stop operating its CDN in mid-January 2025. In the January 2026 graph Limelight's AS no longer appears and Edgecast's is at the periphery.
Sources: Yahoo: Limelight to acquire Edgecast; Akamai: court approves bid for Edgio assets
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Spotify's own network
AS8403 climbs from the periphery in 2015 to the max-core by 2017, and it is absent from the January snapshots of 2021 through 2026. Spotify's engineering blog described its CDN setup with third-party providers in 2020; the chart cannot say why the AS disappeared.
Sources: Spotify Engineering, 2020
contentfall
Booking.com leaves the core
AS43996 (Booking.com) jumps from the periphery to 0.99 of the max shell index in 2015 and stays at the top through 2024, then drops to about a third of it in 2025.
accessrise
Starlink goes from periphery to core
SpaceX's AS14593 stays at the periphery until 2022, reaches 0.97 of the max shell index in January 2023 and the max-core by 2025.
contentrise
Disney's streaming edge
AS23344 (DSS-EDGE, Disney) sits at the periphery until 2022, then climbs to 0.25 of the max shell index in 2023, 0.65 in 2024 and 0.99 in 2025.
cdnrise
CDN77's climb
In January snapshots, AS60068 goes from 0.03 of the max shell index in 2015 to 0.99 in 2025, and between those years no January value is lower than the one before.
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LinkedIn and Microsoft
Microsoft announced it would acquire LinkedIn in June 2016. LinkedIn's AS14413 is closest to the core around 2018 (0.96 in January) and at the periphery from 2022; Microsoft's AS8075 stays at or near the max-core throughout.
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Twitch's AS disappears
AS46489 (Twitch) reaches the max-core in December 2012 and stays at 0.88 or more of the max shell index every month until September 2025. Amazon announced it would acquire Twitch in August 2014, and Amazon's AS16509 stays at 0.98 or more from 2013 on. Twitch's AS falls to 0.73 in October 2025 and 0.53 in November, and it is absent from every 2026 snapshot. The prefixes it still announced in mid-2025 were withdrawn from July to November 2025: RIPE's route collectors last saw one on 10 November 2025 and have seen no AS announce them since. The chart cannot say where Twitch's traffic went.
Sources: Amazon: Amazon.com to acquire Twitch (2014); RIPEstat: AS46489 routing history; RIPEstat: 199.9.248.0/21, Twitch's oldest prefix
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Zoom's path to the core
In January snapshots, AS30103 rises from 0.08 of the max shell index in 2017 to 0.77 in 2019, dips to 0.11 in 2022 and is between 0.90 and 0.99 from 2023.
transitcontent
Transit providers and content networks
AS3356 (Level 3, now Lumen) is in the max-core in every January snapshot since 1998, and AS174 (Cogent) and AS1299 (Telia, now Arelion) are there in 2002. Google reaches it in 2005, Amazon in 2012 and Cloudflare in 2013.
Values quoted in the stories come from the January snapshot of each year (IPv4). The explorer shows every snapshot.